By weaving together the changing spatial and temporal dimensions of anti-Semitic and anti-black prejudice the study provides a fresh and more global framework for understanding modern racism.

MacMaster explores the conditions under which modern political movements, faced with the crisis of modernity, began to draw upon and mobilise the negative stereotypes that, through the development of the mass media, had become almost universal features of popular culture. Likewise, anti-Semitism could flourish even in the almost total absence of Jews. to the colonial maritime nations of western Europe, but pepetrated even the rural societies of central and eastern Europe. This innovative study argues that a full understanding of the origins and development of racism in Europe after 1870 needs to examine the structure and interrelationships between the two dominant forms of prejudice. The study of modern racism has tended to treat anti-Semitism and anti-black racism as separate and unconnected phenomena.

Hybridism, anti-Semitism, racism, historiography, national identity, Jews, New Christians (conversos), João Lúcio de Azevedo, Américo Castro, Franz Boas, Gilberto Freyre, Casa-Grande & Senzala. A comparison with Américo Castro's narratives of Spain, as stemming from an interaction between Christians, Muslims and Jews, will show that Freyre's anti-Jewish prejudices paradoxically emerged from his ‘mestizo’ views.

On the other hand, I will argue that Freyre's reification of ‘the Jew’ paradoxically comes from his way of depicting Brazil's identity as an inclusive combination between different ‘races’, cultures and ‘characters’. After reviewing past scholarship on this issue (mostly related to his education and early biography), I will first show the influence of the Portuguese-Brazilian historian João Lúcio de Azevedo on Freyre's views on Jews, conversos and Judaism. How could a champion of Brazil's ‘racial democracy’ and a pioneer of historiographical hybridism, like Freyre, express anti-Semitic stereotypes imbued with racialist overtones? This article aims to give some answers to this riddle through a textual and contextual analysis of Freyre's masterpiece: Masters and Slaves (Casa Grande & Senzala, 1933). The question of Gilberto Freyre's anti-Jewish proclivities is a matter generally omitted by most of scholars, since his views on colonial Brazil celebrated human miscegenation and cultural métissage as quintessential to Brazil's identity.

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